2/2/2024 0 Comments Xml tools rose![]() ![]() The XML schema allows the structure of an XML document to be described, much like a DTD, and the validation of documents against this schema. 7 XSLT might facilitate the transformation of XML documents into a human-readable form (XHTML) or the transformation of local XML documents into standard XML messages. The Extensible Stylesheet Language for Transformations (XSLT) is a language for transforming XML documents into other XML documents. XPath can be used for several purposes, such as the transformation and the query of XML documents. 9 Given the XML structure Jonescancer, the XPath “/patient/name” would select the names of the patients with more than one disease. The XML Path Language (XPath) and the XML Pointer Language (XPointer) allow the description of document fragments. 8 XML namespaces 6 provide a method for qualifying element and attribute names used in XML documents, such as and, in which the namespace prefix (Pathology, Lab) is associated with a URI (uniform resource identifier) reference that points to a document type definition (DTD), XML schema, or other description of the XML namespace. The Document Object Model (DOM) is a language-neutral programming interface that allows programs to access and update the content and structure of XML documents. DOM indicates Document Object Model XPath, XML Path Language XSLT, Extensible Stylesheet Language for Transformations XPointer, XML Pointer Language. Recommendations of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) related to XML. 7 XML will, consequently, contribute to the reduction of the interface problem. On the other hand, more and more information systems will use XML as an interchange format, because XML messages can be easily validated against a standard message schema 3 and transformed into a local representation. However, we often need to develop interfaces for the integration of the data. Clinical documents, such as discharge letters, are often summaries of already existing data. The third problem is the interface problem. 3, 6 XML can provide a sort of “composition technology” for such a flexible bottom-up approach. XML provides a standard means to mix text and structure in various ways and even combine independent structures into more comprehensive document models. But XML can help with implementation issues, i.e., when we need to derive hierarchic structures such as documents, messages, or even smaller units from these data models. We want to stress that XML does not replace the modeling process, which will remain a business of health care professionals and standardization bodies. We need a combination of both, standards and flexibility. Standard forms, on the other hand, can control the quality of clinical documentation and guide a less experienced health care professional in the documentation process. 5 Version 1.0 of the CDA, for example, primarily provides a document header, whereas the document body is rather undefined.įrequently, physicians prefer narrative text to inflexible forms. The Clinical Document Architecture (CDA) of Health Level 7 (HL7), for example, defines different structural levels for clinical content. The structure must not restrict the content. 4 As a consequence, clinical documentation must be flexible in terms of free-textual descriptions, different structural levels, and even individual structures. Health care experts agree that the transition from unstructured textual data to structured and coded data will be a migration process. The second problem is the flexibility of a document's structure. XML provides a standard means to describe the structure of a document explicitly 2, 3 and to identify meaningful elements in textual narrations. Irrelevant search results can be reduced to a minimum as soon as we insert meaningful structures such as diagnoses and therapies into clinical documents. A physician may not want to read a complete clinical guideline if he or she is interested only in a specific part of the guideline. One possible exploitation, for example, is the quick access by a health care professional to information of interest. The exploitation of such resources by electronic means is limited by the fact that many documents are still textual narrations 1 without an explicit structure. The first problem is the lack of explicit structure in health-care–related resources such as reports, guidelines, and scientific publications.
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